Cancer has a diversified nature in relation to the organ specificity. Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases that develop across time in virtually any of the body’s tissues. Each type of cancer has its unique features; the basic processes that produce cancer are quite similar in all forms of the disease. Organ Specific Cancers are cancers named basing on the location of cancer in the body organ. The various types of cancers include Head & Neck Cancer, Lung Cancer, Skin Cancer, Breast Cancer, Bone Cancers, Ovarian Cancer etc.

Metastasis is the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part of the body to another without being directly connected with it. When cancer cells break away from a tumour, they can travel to other areas of the body through the bloodstream or the lymph system. The lungs, liver, brain, and bones are the most common metastasis locations from solid tumors. Treatment and survival is determined, to a great extent, by whether or not a cancer remains localized or spreads to other locations in the body.

Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, cancer is caused by certain changes to genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. Cancer is caused by certain changes to genes, the basic physical units of inheritance. Genetic changes that increase cancer risk can be inherited from our parents if the changes are present in germ cells. Also, inherited genetic mutations play a major role in about 5 to 10 per cent of all cancers.

Cancer immunology studies interactions between the immune system and cancer cells (also called tumors or malignancies). It is a field of research that aims to discover cancer immunotherapies to treat and retard progression of the disease. The immune response, including the recognition of cancer-specific antigens, forms the basis of targeted and tumour marker-based diagnostic tests. Understanding these interactions is important for the development of new therapies for cancer treatment. Also, certain cancers are caused due to viruses as well.

Cancer genomics is the study of the totality of DNA sequence and gene expression differences between tumour cells and normal host cells. It aims to understand the genetic basis of tumour cell proliferation and the evolution of the cancer genome under mutation and selection by the body environment, the immune system and therapeutic interventions. The metabolites within a cell or biological system are being used to analyze cancer metabolism on a system-wide scale, painting a broad picture of the altered pathways and their interactions with each other. Cancer metabolomics involves chemical analysis by a range of analytical platforms through targeted/untargeted approaches. The application of metabolomics towards cancer research has led to a renewed appreciation of metabolism in cancer development and progression. 

Targeted therapy is a newer type of cancer treatment that uses drugs or other substances to more precisely identify and attack cancer cells, usually while doing little damage to normal cells. Targeted therapy is a growing part of many cancer treatment regimens. Targeted therapy or molecularly targeted therapy is one of the major modalities of medical treatment (pharmacotherapy) for cancer. The Drugs work by targeting specific genes or proteins. These genes and proteins are found in cancer cells or in cells related to cancer growth, like blood vessel cells. As a form of molecular medicine, targeted therapy blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumour growth, rather than by simply interfering with all rapidly dividing cells.

Stem Cells and Tumours cancer cells also have the characteristic which is also associated with normal stems cells. Stem Cell Therapy is use to prevent the disease .The most common stem cells therapy is bone marrow transplant. Stems cells transplant is used to treatment of cancer like leukemia, multiple myeloma of lymphoma. Cord Blood Stem and Cancer  cord blood contains haematopoietic (blood) stem cell ,these cells make different types of cells like red blood cells white blood cells Haematopoietic stem cells, purified from bone marrow or blood, have long been used in stem cell treatments for leukaemia, blood and bone marrow disorders when chemotherapy is used .

A cancer biomarker is an element or procedure that indicates the presence of cancer in the body. A biomarker may be any molecule released by presence a tumor or a specific indication of the body to the presence of cancer. Cancer biomarkers are usually biological molecules found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that are a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease.

Cancer can be treated by different processes like Radiation Therapy; Bone Marrow Transplantation this therapy takes place in case of leukaemia lymphoma and myeloma. Hormone Replacement Therapy  wherein the patient, in the course of medical treatment, receives hormones, either to supplement a lack of naturally occurring hormones, or to substitute other hormones for naturally occurring hormones. Surgery and Laparoscopy describes the performance of surgical procedures with the assistance of a video camera and several thin instruments. Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps immune system against fight cancer

Alternative medicine or complementary medicine are practices claimed to have the healing effects of medicine but are disproven, unproven, impossible to prove, or only harmful Alternative medicine consists of a wide variety of practices, products, and therapies—ranging from those that are biologically plausible but not well tested, to those with known harmful and toxic effects. An even greater proportion of cancer patients use “complementary” therapies along with mainstream cancer treatment.

A case report signifies the detailed report of symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient of a particular disease. Cancer Case reports have been playing a pivotal role in medical education, providing a structure for case-based learning and implementation throughout the world.

The Normal treatment modalities are associated with severe side effects and high toxicity which in turn lead to low quality of life. This review encompasses novel strategies for more effective chemotherapeutic delivery aiming to generate better prognosis. Currently, cancer treatment is a highly dynamic field and significant advances are being made in the development of novel cancer treatment strategies. In contrast to conventional cancer therapeutics, novel approaches such as ligand or receptor based targeting, intracellular drug targeting, gene delivery, cancer stem cell therapy, magnetic drug targeting and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery, have added new modalities for cancer treatment.

Precision medicine also known as Personalised Medicine is a phrase that is often used to describe how genetic information about a person’s disease is being used to diagnose or treat their disease. The deeper understanding of how cancer forms and grows has ushered in a new era of precision cancer care, where tailored treatments target abnormalities that may be found in each tumor’s DNA profile. This exciting innovation marks a shift, from traditional treatments designed for the average patient based on their success with a representative sample of people with similar cancers, toward more precise therapies.

Cancers that are closely linked to certain behaviours    are the easiest to prevent. Many complementary health approaches are also there to combat the risks of cancers like—for example, herbal and other dietary supplements, acupuncture, massage, and yoga.

Cancer pharmacology plays a key role in drug development. In both the laboratory and the clinic, cancer pharmacology has had to adapt to the changing face of drug development by establishing experimental models and target orientated approaches.