40^th Euro Congress on Cancer Science & Therapy May 25-26, 2020 Rome, Italy

Cancer is one among the primary causes of death all over the world. Organ Specific Cancers are cancers named based on the location of cancer in the parts of the body. There are different types of cancers, some of them are Head and Neck Cancer, Brain cancer, Lung cancer, Oral cancer, Liver cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Gastric cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Kidney (Renal Cell) cancer, Leukemia and many more.  Lung, prostate, colon, rectum, stomach and liver are the most common organs affected by cancer in men. The most common organs affected by cancer in women are breast, colon, rectum, lung, cervix and stomach. Cancer Conferences expresses the various developing therapies for varied cancers.

Cancer cells behave as self-regulating cells, growing without control to form tumors. Tumors develop in a series of steps. The first step is hyperplasia, In this step, there are too many cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division. These cells appear normal, but changes have occurred that result in some loss of control of growth. The second step is dysplasia, resulting from further growth, supplemented by abnormal changes to the cells. The third step requires additional changes, which result in cells that are even more abnormal and can now spread over a wider area of tissue. These cells initiate to lose their original function; such cells are called anaplastic. At this stage, because the tumor is still contained within its original location (called in situ) and is not invasive, it is not considered malignant — it is potentially malignant. The last step occurs when the cells in the tumor metastasize, which means that they can invade surrounding tissue, including the bloodstream, and spread to other locations. This is the most severe type of tumor, but not all tumors progress to this point. Non-invasive tumors are said to be benign.

Cancer that spread to a different part of the body from where it started is called metastasis. For example, a breast cancer that spread to the liver is referred to as metastatic breast cancer. The most common sites where cancer spreads are the bone, liver, and lung. The clinical manifestation of metastasis in a vital organ is the ultimate phase of cancer progression and the main offender of cancer-related mortality

The Cancer Biomarkers are the substance that acts as an indicator of the cancer site in the body. Usually the biomarker is a computable indicator of biological state in the body; it is a molecule which is unleashed by the tumor or in response to the presence of tumor. The biomarkers are used for the assessment of risk for cancer patients. The cancer biomarkers specifically related with genetic mutations or epigenetic alteration always gives the measurable way to find the tumor cells. The most advantageous ability of biomarker is that they can be used as a diagnostic tool, determines whether the tumor is localized or metastatic in nature. The cancer prognosis can also be determined by the biomarkers. In prognosis, the forcefulness of the recognized cancer and the response to the given treatment. Cancer recurrence is also being examined by the biomarkers. In Cancer Therapy and Treatments the biomarkers play an important role. Cancer science Meetings gives dynamic interactions about the contribution of biomarkers towards cancer therapy.

Oncogenomics is a sub-field of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes. It focuses on genomic, epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer. The evolution from normal tissue to aggressive cancer is thought to occur over a timescale of 5–20 years. This transformation is determined by both inherited genetic factors and somatic genetic alterations and mutations, and it results in uncontrolled cell growth and leads to death. The genetic mutations that lead to cancer occur only in certain genes. Cancer-causing genes have been classified as proto-oncogenes (e.g., the genes for MYC, ERBB2 and EGFR) and tumor suppressor genes such as the genes that encode TP53, CDKN2A, and RB. The completion of the Human Genome Project simplified the field of oncogenomic and improved the abilities of researchers to find oncogenes. Sequencing technologies and global methylation profiling methods have been practiced to the study of oncogenomics.

Hematology- Oncology is the branch of medicine related to the study of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood diseases and cancer. It includes such diseases as iron deficiency anemia, hemophilia, sickle cell disease, the thalassemia, leukemia and lymphoma. The study of hematology integrates clinical and laboratory medicine. Leukemia affects your white blood cells. These are significant, infection-fighting part of your immune system, made in your bone marrow. The cancerous formation affecting the lymphocytes is called as lymphoma. Lymphocytes are one of the varieties of white blood corpuscles. As part of Myeloma, the plasma (another variety of WBC) is affected by the cancer cells. Blood cancers can cause many different symptoms. Some are common across all blood cancers, others are more characteristic of types of blood cancer. For example, lymphomas can be recognized by swollen lymph nodes and one of the most common symptoms of myeloma is bone pain, especially in the back.

Skin cancers are cancers that develop from the skin. They are due to the progression of abnormal cells that can invade or spread to other parts of the body. Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, globally accounting for at least 40% of cases. The most common type is non-melanoma skin cancer, which happens in at least 2-3 million people per year. There are three main types of skin cancers: basal-cell skin cancer (BCC), squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC) and melanoma. The lymphomas that start in the skin are called skin lymphoma. surgical excision is the most common form of treatment for skin cancers. About 90 percent of non-melanoma skin cancers are assisted with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Sunscreen is effective and thus recommended to avert melanoma and squamous-cell carcinoma.

Breast cancer starts when cells in the breast initiate to grow out of control. These cells typically form a tumor that can often be felt as a lump. If the cells can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of the body, the tumor is malignant. The breast cancer which initiate in the ducts that carry milk to the nipple is called ductal cancers. Some breast cancers begin in the glands that make breast milk is called lobular cancers. A small number of cancers start in other tissues in the breast. These cancers are called sarcoma and lymphoma. Benign breast tumors are uncharacteristic growths, but they do not extent outside of the breast and they are not aggressive. But some benign breast lumps can upsurge a woman's risk of getting breast cancer.

The study of factors affecting cancer is known as cancer epidemiology. It helps to infer possible trends and causes. The study of cancer epidemiology uses epidemiological approaches to discover the cause of cancer and to classify and develop improved treatments. Observational epidemiological studies that show relation between risk factors and specific cancers mostly aid to generate hypotheses about potential interventions that could reduce morbidity or cancer incidence. Randomized controlled trials then test whether hypotheses generated by epidemiological studies and laboratory research result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. In many instances, results from observational epidemiological studies are not confirmed by randomized controlled trials.

The study of epigenetic modifications to the genome of cancer cells that do not include a change in the nucleotide sequence is known as Cancer Epigenetics. Epigenetic alterations are as important as genetic mutations in a cell's transformation to cancer and their manipulation embraces great potential for cancer prevention, detection, and therapy. A variety of compounds are considered as epigenetic carcinogens such as arsenite, diethylstilbestrol, hexachlorobenzene and nickel compounds. They result in an increased incidence of tumors, but they do not show mutagen activity.

Diagnostic testing of cancer includes the tests done by a pathologist to confirm the stage of cancer, size of the tumor, area infected by the tumor, etc.  Various pathological and histopathological techniques are used in cancer diagnosis. Some of the common procedures for Cancer diagnosis are biopsy, MRI, X-Ray etc. Some of the other techniques which are commonly used nowadays to detect or identify the cancers originating from an organ are endoscopy for gastrointestinal cancers, mammography for breast cancers etc. One of the newly invented techniques for detection of organ defined cancers is nuclear medicine imaging which utilizes radiopharmaceuticals to identify the structure of the tumor present in that specified organ or tissue. Cancer Conferences provides a podium to bring forward the novel therapies for cancer.

A biopsy is a medical examination usually done by a surgeon, an interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist concerning extraction of sample cells or tissues for scrutiny to determine the existence of a disease state. Mainly the biopsy is of two categories, the excisional biopsy in which the affected tissues or cells are removed entirely and the incisional biopsy in which some sample is extracted from the affected region for diagnosis. When cancer is suspected, the first attempt will be excisional biopsy if it doesn’t work they will go for incisional biopsy to determine whether the cancer is benign or malignant. Sometimes in biopsy if the area of suspicion is not found, X- rays or ultrasound can be used to trace the area it is known as ultra sound guided biopsy or stereotactic guided biopsy. The safest mode of diagnosis and a minor surgical procedure is called fine needle aspiration. A noninvasive method of diagnosing cancer is liquid biopsy. Cancer pathogenesis is considered as a most important procedure after biopsy. Oncology - Clinical Trials, in which the biopsy is considered as an important technique. Cancer Science and Therapy Conferences paves a way towards a break-through in cancer research field. 

Cancer can be treated by different methods. The treatment depends on the location, Stage and grade of the cancer. Bone Marrow transplantation is a therapy that takes place in case of leukemia lymphoma and myeloma. In Radiation therapy, the patient is treated with the ionization radiations which destroys the cancer cells. Chemotherapy, in which anti-cancer drugs are used to treat the cancer. Cancer Immunotherapy is a type of treatment in which the immune system is trigged to treat the cancer. Some cancers will be sensitive to hormones so by inhibiting or removing the specific hormones, the cancer growth can be controlled, it can be called as Hormone Therapy. The metastatic cancers can be best treated with Targeted therapy, in which the location of cancer can be targeted easily. Many novel Approaches to Cancer Therapeutics are being exposed in the cancer science and therapy field. Cancer Science and Therapy Conferences are an endeavor to procure mastery in cancer research field.

The targeted cancer therapy is one of the finest therapies in treating cancer, in this the cancer cells are treated by targeting and inhibiting the specific molecules that are need for the tumor progression. This blocking can be done by molecular medicine. It is better than the usual chemotherapy, which only hinders the uncontrollable tumor growth. Molecular medicine is an extensive field that uses various tools to define the molecular structure and its mechanism, also to recognize the errors in genes and to develop molecular interferences to treat them. Since most of the molecules used for targeting are biopharmaceuticals, this can also be referred as biotherapy. Apart from the biotherapy, the targeted cancer therapy can also use the nano engineered enzymes, in which this enzyme is used to bind to the cancer cell so that the natural cell degradation system of the body kills and eliminate it from the body. Organ-Defined Cancers can be effectively treated by the targeted therapy. Cancer Therapy Conferences reveals the broad range of knowledge of targeted therapies for treating the cancer.

The stem cells are used to treat the disease condition is called stem cell therapy. An undifferentiated cell that can be differentiated into a specific cell or multiple copies of the own cell is called stem cell. These stem cells are predominant in the multicellular organisms. There are two kinds of stem cells, one is the embryonic stem cells derived from the blastocyst inner cell mass and the another one is the adult stem cells, it can be derived from various tissues of an adult. This adult cell combining with the progenitor cells acts as a repair system of the body. During cancer therapies like chemotherapy or radiation therapy, due to high doses the stem cells get destroyed. Stem cell transplants are generally used to treat or maintain stem cell level in cancer patients. There are many Cancer Case Reports shows the stem cell therapy as an effective treatment of cancer. Cancer Conferences acts as a podium of gaining knowledge about the new inventions in cancer stem cell therapy.

The usage of ionizing radiation in the cancer treatment is known as radiation oncology. Mostly the chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used in combination to treat tumor. It also helps better to reduce the tumor burden. The radiation therapy has some side effects, they are categorized into immediate and late side effects. The immediate side effects are vomiting, intestinal discomfort, swelling, infertility etc., The late side effects are fibrosis, epilation, heart diseases etc., Sometimes radiation enteropathy will also experience by the patients. Due to radiation therapy, hormonal imbalance may also happen. Cancer metabolomics is an important tool for cancer detection and treatment. Cancer case reports are the evidence for the effectiveness and side effects of radiation therapy. Cancer Science Conferences discloses the innovations in cancer therapy field.

Surgical oncology is the branch of surgery applied to oncology and it focuses on the surgical management of tumors, especially cancerous tumors. There are currently 19 surgical oncology fellowship training programs in the United States that have been approved by the Society of Surgical Oncology and this number is expect to grow. The collaboration with radiation and medical oncologists on the use of neoadjuvant  chemotherapy or radiotherapy to enhance or permit surgery possible and on the indications for adjuvant therapy after surgery. The technical side of surgery has also been transformed in the past few decades with advance techniques.

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Cancer immunology shows the relationship between the immune system and the progression of cancer. The cancer immunotherapy in which it uses the immune system for the cancer treatment. Usually the cancer cells will have some surface molecules on them that prevents the immune system from recognizing them as a cancer cells. In immunotherapy those surface molecules are being targeted and destroyed, so that the cancer cells are being identified by the immune cells. It is more effective, Specific, long term than the chemotherapy and Surgery. Immunotherapy is something that stimulates the cells of immune system to attack the cells of tumor, so it can also be called as Biotherapy. To prevent the progression of neoplastic tissue, the immune system identifies the transformed cells which is called cancer immunosurveilance. Cancer Biomarkers are the best tool for recognizing the location of cancer, which will be very useful for cancer treatment. Cancer Science and Therapy Conferences inculcates the best knowledge of the therapies and treatments in the cancer field

Tumor virology deals with the specific virus infections and cancer, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, oncogenic cofactors, disruption of innate/ adaptive immune responses, latency, viral mimicry/piracy of cellular regulatory genes, genomic instability and role of non-coding RNAs in viral pathogenesis. The purpose of this study is to develop viral vectors for human cancer gene therapy and to progress vaccine strategies for treatment of viral-associated cancers. Several methods are being trailed including genetic immunization with recombinant viral vectors based on Semliki Forest virus, immune checkpoint inhibitors and strategies to re-modulate the immunosuppressive tumor environment

Nanotechnology offers researchers with the opportunity to study and manipulate macromolecules in real time and during the earliest stages of cancer progression. It provides the means to target chemotherapies directly and selectively to cancerous cells and neoplasms, influence in surgical resection of tumors, and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiation-based and other current treatment modalities. Nanotechnology can provide swift and subtle detection of cancer-related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur only in a small percentage of cells. Nanotechnology also has the potential to engender entirely novel and highly active therapeutic agents.

Pharmacology deals with action of drug in the body.  Drugs showed good results in animal model, when used in cancer patient of less tumor burden was not so effective. In such case the tumor burden can be reduced first by cancer surgery and it is followed by chemotherapy can be done, this is called as adjuvant therapy. In combination with chemotherapy, a heat therapy called hyperthermia therapy can be used to control various cancer types. The electric volts are passed on the tumor cells to stop there progression along with chemotherapy is known as electrochemotherapy. The use of chemotherapy alone for cancer treatments leads to many side effects like cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity etc., Cancer genetics will be helpful for identifying the mode of treatment for Cancer. Cancer biomarkers effectively assist in finding tumor cells and treating them. Cancer Conferences gives a perception about the new strategies emerging in cancer therapy. 

Alternative cancer treatments cannot help in curing your cancer, but help to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life during cancer treatment. Common signs and symptoms such as anxiety, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, difficulty sleeping, and stress may be lessened by alternative treatments. Integrating the best of evidence-based complementary and alternative cancer treatments with the treatments you receive from your doctor may help relieve many of the symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment. Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Exercise, Hypnosis and Music therapy are examples of complementary and alternative medicine therapies which help to cope with side effects of cancer treatments.

A nursing professional who specializes in caring for people with cancer is an Oncology nurse. They monitor physical conditions, prescribe medication, and administer chemotherapy and other treatments. Oncology is one of the most challenging and gratifying fields in nursing. The scope of oncology nursing extents from prevention and early stage diagnosis to treatment (such as surgical oncology, radiation oncology, medical oncology) through symptom management and palliative care. Oncology nurses have a cancer-specific knowledge base and clinical specialize in cancer.  Oncology nurses must inspect numerous details about each patient and they must tend to several patients each day. One mistake could affect a patient’s health, so their attention to detail is critical.

The cancer prevention is mainly to reduce the risk of acquiring cancer. There are many factors that we have to consider to prevent cancer, they are leading a healthy life style, avoiding the carcinogens and related substances, consuming cancer vaccines that prevent cancer. The cancer management can be done by many ways depending upon the stage of the cancer. The cancer surgery is the best option in the early stage. Apart from surgery there are many therapies to manage the cancer. The immunotherapy that helps in stimulating the immune system to treat cancer. Some people will also go for alternative medicine. The precision therapies or the precision medicines can also be used to treat cancer. Inspite of all treatment and management, in latter stages of cancer only the palliative care can be given to the patients to comfort them. Cancer Science and Therapy Conferences discloses the contemporary changes in cancer field.